1) How ad networks identify people searching for products A. Direct signals (what you actively...

Re-identification risks: Even hashed data can sometimes be linked back to people. Bias & fairness:...

Use browser privacy modes, block third-party cookies, and use privacy extensions (uBlock Origin, Privacy Badger)....

CPM/CPM via RTB: Advertisers pay per thousand impressions when targeting an audience. Subscription / licensing:...

You search “best hybrid bikes” and click an article.  That publisher’s tracking pixel records the...

Hashing & pseudonymization: Email/phone often hashed before matching. This reduces direct PII sharing but can...

Audience segments Raw signals get transformed into labeled segments like “in-market: running shoes” or “interest:...

Direct signals (what you actively do) Search queries & site visits: If you search for...